Gnosticism was a diverse religious and philosophical movement flourishing in the early centuries CE, centered on achieving salvation through secret, intuitive knowledge (gnosis) of the divine, rather than faith or works.
It proposed a dualistic worldview: the material world is flawed and evil, created by a lesser, ignorant being (the Demiurge), while a transcendent, perfect God exists in a higher spiritual realm. Gnostics believed humans possess a divine spark trapped in material bodies, needing gnosis to escape the corrupt world and return to the spiritual source, often viewing Jesus as a revealer of this liberating knowledge.

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